White paper 01 · Annex C
Sources
Every source cited in this paper is listed below with its identifier, title, publisher, date and address. Identifiers are those used in the square-bracket markers of the text and exhibits. Web sources were accessed in October 2026 unless another date is shown. Documents of the Kribi port authority are cited by title and date without a web address. Company and ministerial statements are cited as such and are not code-compliant resource estimates. One press report that names an importer in connection with a customs seizure is listed without its headline or address [C20].
In this chapter (8)
C.1 Global steel, prices, technology and carbon
Table C.1 Global steel, prices, technology and carbon: sources cited
C.2 Africa and comparator countries
Table C.2 Africa and comparator countries: sources cited
| ID | Title | Publisher | Date | Address |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A03 | Protecting the steel market: how it’s done in North Africa | GMK Center | 2 Sep 2026 | gmk.center/en/posts/protecting-the-steel-market-how-it-s-done-in-north-africa/ |
| A04 | Algeria’s steel industry: why is it growing | GMK Center | 28 Jul 2026 | gmk.center/en/posts/algeria-s-steel-industry-why-is-it-growing/ |
| A06 | Egypt has imposed a temporary duty on imports of HRC at 13.6% | GMK Center | 15 Sep 2025 | gmk.center/en/news/egypt-has-imposed-a-temporary-duty-on-imports-of-hot-rolled-steel-at-13-6/ |
| A07 | Egypt’s steel industry: protection from within | GMK Center | 23 Jul 2026 | gmk.center/en/posts/egypt-s-steel-industry-protection-from-within/ |
| A10 | Simandou partners celebrate start of operations | Rio Tinto | 11 Nov 2025 | www.riotinto.com/en/news/releases/2025/simandou-partners-celebrate-start-of-operations |
| A16 | China’s Stellar Steel invests $450 million in a new steel plant in Nigeria | GMK Center | 27 Oct 2025 | gmk.center/en/news/china-s-stellar-steel-invests-450-million-in-a-new-steel-plant-in-nigeria/ |
| A19 | North African green steel will soon be in demand in the EU, an overview | GMK Center | 25 Aug 2025 | gmk.center/en/posts/north-african-green-steel-will-soon-be-in-demand-in-the-eu-an-overview/ |
| A21 | GSM Tanzania selects Danieli for new rebar and wire-rod mill | Danieli | 14 Sep 2026 | www.danieli.com/en/GSM-Tanzania-selects-Danieli-for-new-rebar-and-wirerod-mill_37_1098.htm |
| A22 | B5Plus Group awards Danieli bar and wire-rod mill project | Danieli | 23 Sep 2026 | www.danieli.com/en/B5Plus-Group-awards-Danieli-bar-and-wirerod-mill-project_37_1099.htm |
| A23 | Devki opens Sh50bn steel plant in Kwale | Capital FM Kenya | 20 Nov 2022 | capitalfm.africa/devki-opens-sh50bn-steel-plant-in-kwale/ |
| A26 | Le turc Tosyali va construire un nouveau complexe sidérurgique en Algérie | Managers.tn | 27 Apr 2026 | managers.tn/2026/04/27/lalgerie-attire-les-grands-le-turc-tosyali-va-y-construire-un-nouveau-complexes-siderurgiques/ |
| N01 | Iron ore supply for direct reduction: outlook and challenges (J. Atherton), Arab Steel Summit presentation | International Iron Metallics Association (IIMA) | Oct 2024 | 2024.aisusteel.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Dr-John-Atherton_IIMA.pdf |
| N02 | MENA will need an additional 30-40 million tons of DR pellets in the near future | GMK Center | 24 Nov 2025 | gmk.center/en/news/mena-will-need-an-additional-30-40-million-tons-of-dr-pellets-in-the-near-future/ |
| N03 | BPI and HBI prices on the rise in Europe | SteelOrbis | 23 Jan 2026 | www.steelorbis.com/steel-prices/steel-prices-market-analyses/scrap-and-raw-materials/bpi-and-hbi-prices-on-the-rise-in-europe-1431544.htm |
| N04 | Prices for Brazilian pig iron stabilised at $475 per tonne in August | GMK Center | 7 Sep 2026 | gmk.center/en/news/prices-for-brazilian-pig-iron-stabilised-at-475-per-tonne-in-august/ |
| N05 | Brazil’s iron-ore exports hit annual record in 2025 (Reuters, citing the Ministry of Development, Industry, Trade and Services) | Engineering News | 7 Jan 2026 | www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/brazils-iron-ore-exports-hit-annual-record-in-2025-2026-01-07 |
| N06 | Produção de aço bruto cai 1,1% em Minas Gerais e 1,6% no Brasil em 2025 (Instituto Aço Brasil data) | Diário do Comércio | 20 Jan 2026 | diariodocomercio.com.br/economia/producao-aco-minas-gerais-brasil-2/ |
| N07 | ArcelorMittal takes ownership of Brazilian slab plant | AIST | Mar 2023 | www.aist.org/arcelormittal-takes-ownership-of-brazilian-slab-plant |
| N08 | Vale signs agreements to develop Mega Hubs in the Middle East and provide decarbonization solutions for steelmaking | Vale | Oct 2022 | vale.com/w/vale-signs-agreements-to-develop-mega-hubs-in-the-middle-east-and-provide-decarbonization-solutions-for-steelmaking-1 |
| N09 | Guinea takes first step toward processing Simandou iron ore at home | Ecofin Agency | 19 Jun 2026 | www.ecofinagency.com/news-industry/1906-56609-guinea-takes-first-step-toward-processing-simandou-iron-ore-at-home |
| N10 | National Steel Policy (NSP) 2017 | Government of India, Ministry of Steel | May 2017 | steel.gov.in/node/84 |
| N11 | 2022 export duty withdrawal (iron ore and pellets), policies database | International Energy Agency | 2022 | www.iea.org/policies/18745-2022-export-duty-withdrawal-iron-ore-and-pellets |
| N12 | Vietnam’s 2025 crude steel output hits 5-year high (Vietnam Steel Association data) | The Investor | 10 Feb 2026 | theinvestor.vn/vietnams-2025-crude-steel-output-hits-5-year-high-d18352.html |
| N13 | Hòa Phát Group proposes development of Thạch Khê iron ore mine | AIST | 27 May 2026 | www.aist.org/hoa-phat-group-proposes-development-of-thach-khe-iron-ore-mine |
| N14 | Mr. President, it’s time to make final decision on Ajaokuta Steel, NIOMCO | ThisDay | 15 Jul 2026 | www.thisdaylive.com/2026/07/15/mr-president-its-time-to-make-final-decision-on-ajaokuta-steel-niomco/ |
| N15 | Algeria has opened a railway line for the development of the Gara Djebilet deposit | GMK Center | 2 Feb 2026 | gmk.center/en/news/algeria-has-opened-a-railway-line-for-the-development-of-the-gara-djebilet-deposit/ |
| N16 | Launch of DR-grade iron ore pellet premium weekly indicator | Fastmarkets | 1 Dec 2022 | www.fastmarkets.com/insights/launch-of-dr-grade-iron-ore-pellet-premium-weekly-indicator |
C.3 Cameroon and CEMAC steel market
Table C.3 Cameroon and CEMAC steel market: sources cited
| ID | Title | Publisher | Date | Address |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| C01 | Commerce extérieur du Cameroun en 2020 | INS Cameroun | Jul 2021 | ins-cameroun.cm/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Note-Commerce-exterieur-2020_VF-4.pdf |
| C02 | Note sur le commerce extérieur 2022 | INS Cameroun | Dec 2023 (rev. 13 Feb 2024) | ins-cameroun.cm/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Note-sur-le-Commerce-Exterieur-2022_VF-du-13-fev-2024-Rev-DG-1.pdf |
| C03 | Commerce extérieur du Cameroun en 2023 | INS Cameroun | Apr 2024 | ins-cameroun.cm/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Note-sur-le-Commerce-Exterieur-2023-c-1.pdf |
| C04 | Évolution du commerce extérieur en 2024 | INS Cameroun | Aug 2025 | ins-cameroun.cm/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/Commext_2024_FR_Edite-final-1.pdf |
| C05 | Évolution du commerce extérieur en 2025 (version provisoire) | INS Cameroun | Feb 2026 (posted 1 Apr 2026) | ins-cameroun.cm/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Note-sur-le-commerce-exterieur-en-2025-version-provisoire_FR.pdf |
| C06 | UN Comtrade public API, Cameroon (reporter 120), HS 72/73 and 6-digit lines, 2019-2023 | UN Statistics Division | acc. 10 Oct 2026 | comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=120&;period=2023&partnerCode=0&flowCode=M&cmdCode=72,73,7207,7208,7209,7210,7213,7214,7216,7217,7304,7305,7306,7308 |
| C07 | UN Comtrade public API, CEMAC & Nigeria (reporters 266 Gabon, 178 Congo, 140 CAR, 566 Nigeria; mirror partners 148 Chad, 226 Eq. Guinea) | UN Statistics Division | acc. 10 Oct 2026 | comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=266&;period=2023&partnerCode=0&flowCode=M&cmdCode=72,73,7214,7213 |
| C09 | Les Comptes Nationaux de 2025 | INS Cameroun | Aug 2026 (posted 2 Sep 2026) | ins-cameroun.cm/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Comptes_Nationaux_2025_FR_VF.pdf |
| C13 | WDI API: SP.POP.TOTL; SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS (CMR) | World Bank | updated 8 Oct 2026 | api.worldbank.org/v2/country/CMR/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?format=json |
| C14 | Cameroun: bouclage du 4e RGPH, 22,7 millions d’habitants recensés | Journal du Cameroun | 5 Oct 2026 | fr.journalducameroun.com/cameroun-bouclage-du-4e-rgph-227-millions-dhabitants-recenses-en-mode-digital/ |
| C15 | 2024 Housing Finance Yearbook, Cameroon profile | Centre for Affordable Housing Finance in Africa (CAHF) | Jan 2024 (PDF Mar 2025) | housingfinanceafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/CAMEROON.pdf |
| C16 | Budget 2026-8 816,4 milliards FCFA… | MINFI | 26 Nov 2025 | minfi.gov.cm/budget-2026-8-8164-milliards-fcfa-pour-consolider-la-stabilite-et-accelerer-le-developpement-du-cameroun/ |
| C20 | Press report of the sealing by customs of more than 7,300 t of imported reinforcing bar, December 2020 (headline and address not reproduced: they name the importer) | Business in Cameroon | 16 Dec 2020 | businessincameroon.com |
| C21 | Métallurgie: les importations du fer à béton interdites jusqu’à nouvel ordre | EcoMatin | 10 Apr 2023 | ecomatin.net/metallurgie-les-importations-du-fer-a-beton-interdites-jusqua-nouvel-ordre |
| C25 | Prometal inaugure deux usines évaluées à 57 milliards F | Journal du Cameroun | 19 Jan 2024 | fr.journalducameroun.com/prometal-inaugure-deux-usines-evaluees-a-57-milliards-f-ce-jour-a-douala/ |
| C26 | Cameroun: Prometal (Hayssam El Jammal) se dote de deux nouvelles usines de production d’aciers | EcoMatin | 19 Jan 2024 | ecomatin.net/cameroun-prometal-hayssam-el-jammal-se-dote-de-deux-nouvelles-usines-de-production-daciers |
| C27 | Matériaux de construction: l’offensive locale | Cameroon Tribune | 24 Apr 2023 | www.cameroon-tribune.cm/article.html/56766/en.html/details_2 |
| C29 | Métallurgie: les industriels dénoncent la présence du fer à béton contrefait | EcoMatin | 22 Jun 2023 | ecomatin.net/metallurgie-les-industriels-du-secteur-denoncent-la-presence-du-fer-a-beton-contrefait-sur-le-marche-camerounais |
| C30 | Production: les acteurs en présence | Cameroon Tribune | 11 May 2026 | cameroon-tribune.cm/article.html/76600/fr.html/details_2 |
| C31 | Prometal, Acero Metal, Aciéries du Cameroun… qui est le plus gros consommateur d’électricité de la métallurgie camerounaise | EcoMatin | 15 Jul 2026 | ecomatin.net/prometal-acero-metal-acieries-du-cameroun-qui-est-le-plus-gros-consommateur-delectricite-de-la-metallurgie-camerounaise |
| C34 | Cameroon rejects fresh push to revise rebar standard | Business in Cameroon | 26 Jan 2026 | www.businessincameroon.com/construction/2601-15657-cameroon-rejects-fresh-push-to-revise-rebar-standard |
| C35 | Cameroun: le gouvernement rejette une demande de révision de la norme du fer à béton | EcoMatin | 5 Feb 2026 | ecomatin.net/cameroun-le-gouvernement-rejette-une-demande-de-revision-de-la-norme-du-fer-a-beton |
| C36 | Cameroun: Quifeurou obtient un prêt de 9 milliards FCFA pour une usine de fer à béton à Douala | EcoMatin | 26 Aug 2025 | ecomatin.net/cameroun-quifeurou-obtient-un-pret-de-9-milliards-fcfa-pour-implanter-une-usine-de-fer-a-beton-a-douala |
| C38 | Cameroun: le groupe Prometal décroche 26 milliards FCFA auprès d’Afreximbank… | Sikafinance | 30 Sep 2026 | www.sikafinance.com/marches/cameroun-le-groupe-prometal-decroche-26-milliards-fcfa-aupres-dafreximbank-pour-renforcer-sa-production-dacier-et-conquerir-de-nouveaux-marches_64623 |
| C39 | Prometal obtient 26 milliards FCFA d’Afreximbank pour soutenir son expansion industrielle | EcoMatin | 30 Sep 2026 | ecomatin.net/prometal-obtient-26-milliards-fcfa-dafreximbank-pour-soutenir-son-expansion-industrielle |
| C40 | Cameroun: Prometal décroche 26,2 milliards FCFA d’Afreximbank | Camer.be | 1 Oct 2026 | www.camer.be/actualites/economie/cameroun-prometal-decroche-262-milliards-fcfa-dafreximbank.html |
| C41 | 40 millions d’euros d’Afreximbank: Prometal sécurise ses billettes d’acier alors que la ferraille camerounaise s’épuise | Cameroun24 | 10 Oct 2026 | cameroun24.net/article/76267-40-millions-d-euros-d-afreximbank-prometal-securise-ses-billettes-d-acier-alors-que-la-ferraille-camerounaise-s-epuise.html |
| C42 | Bidoung J., Fomethe A., Yantio G., Melo U., La récupération et le recyclage des déchets ferromagnétiques: analyse de la situation au Cameroun (Déchets, Revue francophone d’écologie industrielle n°48) | ENSP Yaoundé / MIPROMALO | Q4 2007 | eid.episciences.org/7942/pdf |
| C44 | Fer à béton: les producteurs acceptent une baisse des prix | EcoMatin | 23 Oct 2023 | ecomatin.net/fer-a-beton-les-producteurs-acceptent-une-baisse-des-prix |
| C45 | Métallurgie: les locaux battent le fer chaud | Cameroon Tribune | 17 Aug 2023 | cameroon-tribune.cm/article.html/59491/fr.html/details_2 |
| C52 | Le Gabon réduit la TVA sur le fer à béton local | EcoMatin | 4 Aug 2026 | ecomatin.net/le-gabon-reduit-la-tva-sur-le-fer-a-beton-local-pour-stimuler-son-industrie-siderurgique |
| C53 | Gabon: le groupe Fokou lance une nouvelle unité d’acier à Port-Gentil | EcoMatin | 18 Sep 2026 | ecomatin.net/gabon-le-groupe-fokou-lance-une-nouvelle-unite-dacier-a-port-gentil |
| C58 | Lutte contre la vie chère: le Cameroun limite les exportations de certains produits | EcoMatin | 27 Apr 2022 | ecomatin.net/lutte-contre-la-vie-chere-le-cameroun-limite-les-exportations-de-certains-produits-pour-satisfaire-la-demande-nationale |
C.4 Iron ore in Cameroon
Table C.4 Iron ore in Cameroon: sources cited
| ID | Title | Publisher | Date | Address |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| O01 | Mbalam Iron Ore Project: Stage 1 definitive feasibility study and Stage 2 pre-feasibility study (ASX release) | Former holder of the Mbalam-Nabeba project (ASX-listed) | 6 Apr 2011 | sdl.live.irmau.com/irm/PDF/2074_0/SDLDeliversPositiveFeasibilityStudies |
| O04 | Mbalam-Nabeba project presentation, Mining Indaba 2014 (itabirite testwork) | Former holder of the Mbalam-Nabeba project (ASX-listed) | Feb 2014 | sdl.live.irmau.com/irm/PDF/2752_0/PresentationMiningIndaba2014 |
| O05 | Mbalam-Nabeba resources and reserves statement as at 20 May 2015 (JORC) | Former holder of the Mbalam-Nabeba project (ASX-listed) | 2015 | sdl.live.irmau.com/irm/content/resources-reserves.aspx?RID=236 |
| O17 | Cameroon Mining Company confirme l’entrée du projet Mbalam dans sa phase irréversible d’exécution | Camer.be via AllAfrica | 12 Dec 2025 | fr.allafrica.com/stories/202512120475.html |
| O24 | Cameroun: les premières exportations du fer de Mbalam repoussées au 1er trimestre 2026 | EcoMatin | 4 Dec 2025 | ecomatin.net/cameroun-les-premieres-exportations-du-fer-de-mbalam-repoussees-au-1er-trimestre-2026 |
| O25 | Mbalam iron ore mine delays first exports to early 2026 | Business in Cameroon | 13 Dec 2025 | www.businessincameroon.com/public-management/1312-15495-mbalam-iron-ore-mine-delays-first-exports-to-early-2026 |
| O27 | Mbalam-Nabeba: production de fer lancée, exportations retardées en 2026 | Afrik.com | 7 Apr 2026 | www.afrik.com/mbalam-nabeba-production-de-fer-lancee-exportations-retardees-en-2026-au-cameroun-congo |
| O28 | Exploitations: la revue des gisements | Cameroon Tribune | 11 May 2026 | www.cameroon-tribune.cm/articles/11125/fr/details_2 |
| O29 | Cameroon plans $3.1B iron ore push starting 2026 | Daba Finance (republished by AllAfrica) | 14 Feb 2026 | dabafinance.com/en/news/cameroon-mining-investment-2026-2030 |
| O31 | CNPS, G-Stones join Kribi port mineral terminal project | Business in Cameroon | 7 Nov 2025 | www.businessincameroon.com/mining/0711-15312-cnps-g-stones-join-kribi-port-mineral-terminal-project |
| O32 | Cameroon signs iron ore deal with Sinosteel (citing Reuters) | Mining Technology | 23 May 2022 | www.mining-technology.com/news/sinosteel-deal-iron-cameroon/ |
| O33 | Fer de Lobé: l’État octroie le permis d’exploitation à Sinosteel | EcoMatin | 7 Sep 2022 | ecomatin.net/fer-de-lobe-malgre-des-contestations-letat-octroie-le-permis-dexploitation-au-chinois-sinosteel |
| O34 | Le Cameroun signe avec une société chinoise une convention minière de plus de 700 millions de dollars | Le360 Afrique (MAP) | 7 May 2022 | afrique.le360.ma/autres-pays/economie/2022/05/07/37953-le-cameroun-signe-avec-une-societe-chinoise-une-convention-miniere-de-plus-de-700-millions |
| O35 | Sinosteel reporte les exportations du fer de Kribi-Lobé à 2027 malgré 120 milliards FCFA déjà investis | EcoMatin | 11 Mar 2026 | ecomatin.net/cameroun-sinosteel-reporte-les-exportations-du-fer-de-kribi-lobe-a-2027-malgre-120-milliards-fcfa-deja-investis |
| O36 | Mining 2026, Cameroon (Chazai Wamba) | Chambers Global Practice Guides | updated 27 Jan 2026 | practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/mining-2026/cameroon |
| O37 | Grand Zambi iron ore: G-Stones reportedly ready to start exploitation in the next few months | Business in Cameroon | 30 Aug 2023 | www.businessincameroon.com/mining/3008-13380-grand-zambi-iron-ore-g-stones-reportedly-ready-to-start-exploitation-in-the-next-few-months |
| O38 | Grand Zambi iron ore project now targets first exports in August 2025 | Business in Cameroon | 3 Jun 2025 | www.businessincameroon.com/mining/0306-14716-grand-zambi-iron-ore-project-now-targets-first-exports-in-august-2025 |
| O40 | Five banks back CFA41bn financing for Grand Zambi iron project | Business in Cameroon | 17 Feb 2026 | www.businessincameroon.com/mining/1702-15775-five-banks-back-cfa41bn-financing-for-grand-zambi-iron-project |
| O41 | Cameroon turns to BEAC’s special window to back Grand Zambi iron project | Ecofin Agency | 18 Feb 2026 | www.ecofinagency.com/news-industry/1802-53042-cameroon-turns-to-beac-s-special-window-to-back-grand-zambi-iron-project |
| O42 | Afferro Mining Inc., publication of Q3 results | Afferro (newswire.ca) | 19 Nov 2013 | newswire.ca/news-releases/afferro-mining-inc---publication-of-q3-results-513262111.html |
| O43 | Afferro more than doubles Cameroon iron-ore resource | Engineering News (Creamer Media) | 30 May 2013 | www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/afferro-more-than-doubles-cameroon-iron-ore-resource-2013-05-30 |
| O44 | Gisements de fer: la Libyan Foreign Bank réactive Nkout et Ntem avec des partenaires émiratis | EcoMatin | 27 May 2025 | ecomatin.net/cameroun-gisements-de-fer-la-libyan-foreign-bank-reactive-nkout-et-ntem-avec-des-partenaires-emiratis |
| O47 | Une bataille entre investisseurs bloque l’exploitation du fer de Nkout | EcoMatin | 9 Sep 2026 | ecomatin.net/cameroun-une-bataille-entre-investisseurs-bloque-lexploitation-du-fer-de-nkout |
| O49 | Jindal Steel races to secure Cameroon iron mine amid environmental concerns | Business in Cameroon | 2 Sep 2024 | www.businessincameroon.com/public-management/0209-14108-jindal-steel-races-to-secure-cameroon-iron-mine-amid-environmental-concerns |
| O50 | Indian Jindal Steel & Power seeks tax and customs incentives for Ngovayang | Business in Cameroon | 30 Apr 2019 | www.businessincameroon.com/mining/3004-9084-cameroon-indian-jindal-steel-power-seeks-tax-and-customs-incentives-for-ngovayang-iron-ore-project-operation |
| O52 | Cameroon, country page (Validation, reports, Mining Code reference) | EITI International Secretariat | acc. Oct 2026 | eiti.org/countries/cameroon |
| O55 | Interview: « Lorsque l’industrie minière atteindra le niveau que nous visons… », Fuh Calistus Gentry, Minister of Mines | EcoMatin | 9 Oct 2024 | ecomatin.net/cameroun-lorsque-lindustrie-miniere-atteindra-le-niveau-que-nous-visons-elle-depassera-la-contribution-du-secteur-petrolier-fuh-calistus-gentry-ministre-des-mines |
C.5 Energy, ports and logistics
Table C.5 Energy, ports and logistics: sources cited
| ID | Title | Publisher | Date | Address |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| E02 | Cameroon’s SNH eyes Yoyo-Yolanda and new exploration blocks to sustain gas growth | Business in Cameroon | 6 Jul 2026 | www.businessincameroon.com/energy/0607-16422-cameroon-s-snh-eyes-yoyo-yolanda-and-new-exploration-blocks-to-sustain-gas-growth |
| E04 | Données pétrolières 2025 | SNH | posted Jun 2026 | snh.cm/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/Donnees-petrolieres-2025.pdf |
| E08 | Golar, partners approve first vessel in Argentine gas export project | Rigzone | 6 May 2025 | www.rigzone.com/news/golar_partners_approve_first_vessel_in_argentine_gas_export_project-06-may-2025-180446-article/ |
| E09 | Le navire usine quitte le Cameroun, le gaz s’arrête | Camer.be | 9 Jul 2026 | www.camer.be/93911/12:1/le-navire-usine-quitte-le-cameroun-le-gaz-sarrete-cameroon.html |
| E10 | Cameroun: SNH, huit ans de location, zéro infrastructure | AllAfrica (Camer.be) | 1 Jun 2026 | fr.allafrica.com/stories/202606010513.html |
| E11 | Industrial gas: Cameroon suspends GDC’s 20% price hiking plan | Business in Cameroon | 18 Jul 2023 | www.businessincameroon.com/energy/1807-13291-industrial-gas-cameroon-suspends-gdc-s-20-price-hiking-plan |
| E15 | Rapport d’activités 2025 de l’ARSEL | ARSEL (electricity regulator) | 7 Sep 2026 | arsel-cm.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Rapport-ARSEL-2025.pdf |
| E16 | Nachtigal power line delays leave 150 MW of industrial demand unmet | Business in Cameroon | 9 Oct 2026 | www.businessincameroon.com/public-management/0910-16939-nachtigal-power-line-delays-leave-150-mw-of-industrial-demand-unmet |
| E17 | Décision fixant le montant de la RMA ENEO au titre de l’exercice 2025 (réajustée) | ARSEL | 19 Dec 2025 | arsel-cm.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Decision-fixant-le-Montant-de-le-RMA-Eneo-au-titre-de-lexercice-2025-du-19-12-2025.pdf |
| E24 | Kribi Power Development Corporation | MIGA (World Bank Group) | 2014 | www.miga.org/project/kribi-power-development-corporation-0 |
| E25 | The AfDB praises the impacts of the planned extension of the Kribi gas-fired power plant | Business in Cameroon | 1 Jul 2020 | www.businessincameroon.com/energy/0107-10486-the-afdb-praises-the-impacts-of-the-planned-extension-of-the-kribi-gas-fired-power-plant |
| E26 | Au Cameroun, l’État veut reprendre les centrales de Kribi et Dibamba à Globeleq | Forbes Afrique | 11 Aug 2026 | forbesafrique.com/au-cameroun-letat-veut-reprendre-les-centrales-de-kribi-et-dibamba-a-globeleq/ |
| E32 | Cameroon, Energy (Country Commercial Guide) | US International Trade Administration | 13 Apr 2026 | www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/cameroon-energy |
| E37 | Tableaux tarifaires, Décision ARSEL N°00000427 (MT 2023-2025) | ARSEL | uploaded Jan 2026 | arsel-cm.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/TABLEAUX-TARIFAIRES-decision-MT-2023-2025.pdf |
| E43 | La Lettre du PAK n°254 | Port Autonome de Kribi | May 2025 | Port authority document cited by title and date; web address not given |
| E44 | Au Cameroun, le port de Kribi revendique la place de premier terminal à conteneurs | EcoMatin | 22 Apr 2026 | ecomatin.net/au-cameroun-le-port-de-kribi-revendique-la-place-de-premier-terminal-a-conteneurs |
| E45 | Port de Kribi: l’explosion du trafic commence à saturer le terminal à conteneurs | EcoMatin | 5 Oct 2026 | ecomatin.net/port-de-kribi-lexplosion-du-trafic-commence-a-saturer-le-terminal-a-conteneurs |
| E56 | Carbon intensity of electricity generation (Ember data), Cameroon | Our World in Data | acc. Oct 2026 | ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-intensity-electricity |
| E57 | Electricity production by source (Ember and Energy Institute data), Cameroon | Our World in Data | acc. Oct 2026 | ourworldindata.org/grapher/electricity-prod-source-stacked |
C.6 Kribi port and industrial zone
Table C.6 Kribi port and industrial zone: sources cited
| ID | Title | Publisher | Date | Address |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Z1 | La Lettre du PAK n°264: "Lancement de Kribi Port Industrial Zone, L’avenir a commencé" and "Réaction: Yves Roger Melingui, DG de KPIZ" | Port Autonome de Kribi (newsletter PDF) | Feb 2026 (uploaded May 2026) | Port authority document cited by title and date; web address not given |
| Z4 | Zone industrialo-portuaire de Kribi (KPIZ): jusqu’à +8 points de croissance et 150 000 emplois… | Investir au Cameroun | 4 Mar 2026 | www.investiraucameroun.com/gestion-publique/0403-23163-zone-industrialo-portuaire-de-kribi-kpiz-jusqu-a-8-points-de-croissance-et-150-000-emplois-attendus-sur-15-ans |
| Z5 | Port de Kribi: AGL, Arise IIP et Belmont s’allient au PAK pour une zone industrielle de 521 milliards FCFA sur 4 000 ha | Investir au Cameroun | 20 Feb 2026 | www.investiraucameroun.com/gestion-publique/2002-23123-port-de-kribi-agl-arise-iip-et-belmont-s-allient-au-pak-pour-une-zone-industrielle-de-521-milliards-fcfa-sur-15-000-ha |
| Z12 | KPIZ officially launched: a new economic hub for Cameroon and CEMAC | AGL (press release) | n.d. (Feb-Mar 2026) | aglgroup.com/en/News/lancement-KPIZ |
| Z13 | Cameroon: AfDB Group supports development of integrated industrial zone at the Port of Kribi | AfDB via AllAfrica (AfDB page returned 403) | 2 Mar 2026 | allafrica.com/stories/202603100682.html |
| Z29 | AMI n°013/AMI/PAK/2026 (Port Workers’ City / KPCiZ) | ARMP | 30 Jan 2026 | www.armp.cm/details?type_publication=AMI&;id_publication=6073 |
| Z30 | Le port de Kribi engage 3,5 milliards FCFA pour préparer l’arrivée de nouveaux industriels | Ecomatin (L. Onguene) | 11 May 2026 | ecomatin.net/cameroun-le-port-de-kribi-engage-35-milliards-fcfa-pour-preparer-larrivee-de-nouveaux-industriels |
| Z34 | Zone industrielle Kribi: 400 milliards FCFA investis et 53 entreprises autorisées à s’implanter depuis 2018 | Investir au Cameroun | 20 May 2025 | www.investiraucameroun.com/gestion-publique/2005-22033-zone-industrielle-kribi-400-milliards-fcfa-investis-et-53-entreprises-autorisees-a-s-implanter-depuis-2018 |
| Z37 | Guide du Port de Kribi | PAK (PDF) | Aug 2020 | Port authority document cited by title and date; web address not given |
| Z39 | Ordonnance n° 2025/002 du 18 juillet 2025 fixant les incitations à l’investissement | Presidency (copy on GECAM) | 18 Jul 2025 | legecam.cm/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/ordonnance_n_2025_002_du_18_07_2025.pdf |
| Z40 | L’API lance la sensibilisation autour de l’ordonnance de 2025… | Droit Médias Finance | 13 May 2026 | droitmediasfinance.com/index.php/actualites/droit-ohada-affaires/1260-cameroun-lagence-de-promotion-des-investissements-lance-la-sensibilisation-autour-de-lordonnance-de-2025-portant-promotion-des-investissements |
| Z41 | Investing In… 2026: Cameroon | Chambers & Partners | 2026 | gpg-pdf.chambers.com/investing-in-2026/107/ |
| Z42 | Loi n° 2023/014 du 19 décembre 2023 portant Code minier, Article 40(4) (official text, mirror) | Rural-info (copy of the official text) | 19 Dec 2023 | rural-info.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Loi-N°2023-014-du-19-decembre-2023-portant-Code-Minier.pdf |
| Z43 | Kribi franchit la ligne électrique 225 kV | PAK | 6 Aug 2025 | Port authority document cited by title and date; web address not given |
| Z44 | Énergie et infrastructures: un nouvel élan pour la compétitivité du Port de Kribi | PAK | 19 Aug 2026 | Port authority document cited by title and date; web address not given |
| Z45 | Ligne ferroviaire Édéa-Kribi-Lolabé-Campo: une nouvelle étape… | PAK | 4 Jun 2026 | Port authority document cited by title and date; web address not given |
| Z46 | Bilan et perspectives, Les voyants sont au vert | PAK | 13 Mar 2025 | Port authority document cited by title and date; web address not given |
| Z49 | Port de Kribi: 21,5 milliards de FCFA pour accroître de 30% les capacités du terminal à conteneurs | Investir au Cameroun | 8 Oct 2026 | www.investiraucameroun.com/infrastructures/0810-23934-port-de-kribi-21-5-milliards-de-fcfa-pour-accroitre-de-30-les-capacites-du-terminal-a-conteneurs |
| Z50 | Kribi Port’s net profit exceeds CFA4 billion after strong year for cargo traffic | Business in Cameroon | 29 Jun 2026 | www.businessincameroon.com/transport/2906-16378-kribi-port-s-net-profit-exceeds-cfa4-billion-after-strong-year-for-cargo-traffic |
| Z52 | Kribi Deep Sea Port, investors partner to construct 125-million-tonne mineral terminal worth $2 billion | Business in Cameroon | 5 Nov 2025 | www.businessincameroon.com/transport/0511-15300-kribi-deep-sea-port-investors-partner-to-construct-125-million-tonne-mineral-terminal-worth-2-billion |
| Z53 | Chemin de fer Mbalam-Kribi et terminal minéralier: un tournant pour l’intégration régionale | PAK | 25 Feb 2022 | Port authority document cited by title and date; web address not given |
| Z54 | La ZIPK rayonne avec l’inauguration de la cimenterie CIMPOR! | PAK | 19 Jul 2024 | Port authority document cited by title and date; web address not given |
| Z55 | Cameroon speeds up Kribi bitumen plant with tax breaks and refining license | Business in Cameroon | 10 Jun 2026 | www.businessincameroon.com/public-management/1006-16302-cameroon-speeds-up-kribi-bitumen-plant-with-tax-breaks-and-refining-license |
| Z69 | Cameroon initiates Mbalam iron ore mine construction amidst funding uncertainty | Business in Cameroon | 21 Dec 2023 | www.businessincameroon.com/mining/2112-13576-cameroon-initiates-mbalam-iron-ore-mine-construction-amidst-funding-uncertainty |
| Z74 | Grand Zambi: le fer de Bipindi au service de l’essor du Port de Kribi | PAK | 17 Jan 2025 | Port authority document cited by title and date; web address not given |
| Z79 | Cameroon reviews metals industry to address supply and energy constraints | Business in Cameroon | 29 Apr 2026 | www.businessincameroon.com/public-management/2904-16094-cameroon-reviews-metals-industry-to-address-supply-and-energy-constraints |
| Z80 | Le Cameroun prépare l’exportation de son acier vers les marchés de la ZLECAf | Ecomatin (V. Bagal) | 16 Apr 2026 | ecomatin.net/le-cameroun-prepare-lexportation-de-son-acier-vers-les-marches-de-la-zlecaf |
C.7 Policy, macroeconomics and skills
Table C.7 Policy, macroeconomics and skills: sources cited
| ID | Title | Publisher | Date | Address |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| K02 | ENSPY homepage (departments) | ENSP Yaoundé | n.d. | polytechnique.cm/ |
| K03 | EGEM, fiche d’identification | Université de Ngaoundéré | n.d. | www.univ-ndere.cm/fr/etablissements/egem/ |
| K04 | EGCIM, fiche | Université de Ngaoundéré | n.d. | www.univ-ndere.cm/fr/etablissements/egcim/ |
| K08 | ISTD / IUT Douala (homepage) | iut-dla.cm | n.d. | www.iut-dla.cm/ |
| P01 | Economic and social impact of the global steel industry (infographic) | worldsteel / Oxford Economics | May 2019 | worldsteel.org/wp-content/uploads/Steel-social-and-economic-impact.pdf |
| P02 | European Steel in Figures 2025 | EUROFER | Jun 2025 | www.eurofer.eu/assets/publications/brochures-booklets-and-factsheets/european-steel-in-figures-2025/EUROFER_European-Steel-in-Figures-2025.pdf |
| P05 | Ajaokuta Steel Complex to create 500,000 jobs, others | Nairametrics | 9 Oct 2023 | nairametrics.com/2023/10/09/ajaokuta-steel-complex-to-create-500000-jobs-others/ |
| P07 | Zone Cémac: la BEAC annonce un ralentissement de croissance à 2,4% | AllAfrica (Les Dépêches de Brazzaville) | 17 Dec 2025 | fr.allafrica.com/stories/202512170629.html |
| P09 | IMF Executive Board concludes 2026 Article IV consultation with Cameroon (PR 26/096) | IMF | 30 Mar 2026 | www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2026/03/30/pr-26096-cameroon-imf-executive-board-concludes-2026-article-iv-consultation |
| P10 | 2024 Investment Climate Statements: Cameroon | US Department of State | 2024 | www.state.gov/reports/2024-investment-climate-statements/cameroon/ |
| P11 | Cameroun: les principales innovations de la loi de finances pour 2026 | Deloitte Société d’Avocats | 24 Mar 2026 | blog.avocats.deloitte.fr/cameroun-les-principales-innovations-de-la-loi-de-finances-pour-2026/ |
| P13 | Stratégie Nationale de Développement 2020-2030 (SND30) | Republic of Cameroon / MINEPAT (hosted by FAOLEX) | 2020 | faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/cmr211554.pdf |
| P14 | Le Cameroun se dote d’un nouveau Plan directeur d’industrialisation | Le360 Afrique | 4 Apr 2017 | afrique.le360.ma/autres-pays/economie/2017/04/04/10804-le-cameroun-se-dote-dun-nouveau-plan-directeur-dindustrialisation-10804/ |
| P15 | « Des actions concrètes pour renforcer les infrastructures industrielles » (MINMIDT) | Cameroon Tribune | 1 Nov 2024 | cameroon-tribune.cm/article.html/67712/fr.html/details_2 |
| P18 | Innovations douanières de la Loi de Finances 2025 | MINFI, Direction Générale des Douanes | Jan 2025 | minfi.gov.cm/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/EXPOSE_DGD_LF_2025.pdf |
| P19 | Cameroon, Republic of: Corporate, Other taxes | PwC Worldwide Tax Summaries | reviewed 14 Aug 2026 | taxsummaries.pwc.com/republic-of-cameroon/corporate/other-taxes |
| P23 | Cameroon applies CEEAC common external tariff from January 1, 2026 | Business in Cameroon | 12 Jan 2026 | www.businessincameroon.com/public-management/1201-15594-cameroon-applies-ceeac-common-external-tariff-from-january-1-2026 |
| P24 | WITS TRAINS API, Cameroon reported MFN tariffs by HS6 (2023) | World Bank / UNCTAD | acc. 10 Oct 2026 | wits.worldbank.org/API/V1/SDMX/V21/datasource/TRN/reporter/120/partner/000/product/721420/year/2023/datatype/reported |
| P26 | Tariff profile: Cameroon | WTO | n.d. | www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/daily_update_e/tariff_profiles/CM_e.pdf |
| P27 | List of countries which have signed, ratified/acceded to the AfCFTA Agreement | African Union Commission | 22 May 2026 | au.int/sites/default/files/treaties/36437-sl-AGREEMENT_ESTABLISHING_THE_AFRICAN_CONTINENTAL_FREE_TRADE_AREA_1.pdf |
| P31 | AfCFTA e-Tariff Book | AfCFTA Secretariat | n.d. | au-afcfta.org/etariff/ |
| P32 | IMF staff concludes Post-Financing Assessment mission to Cameroon (PR 26/314) | IMF | 1 Oct 2026 | www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2026/10/01/pr26314-imf-staff-concludes-assesment-cameroon |
C.8 Cameroon Steel project record
Table C.8 Cameroon Steel project record: sources cited
| ID | Title | Publisher | Date | Address |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| F01 | Cameroon Steel reference configuration RC-1 (planning estimate), edition 10 October 2026 (RC-1.1) | Cameroon Steel | 10 Oct 2026 | Planning figures, not commitments. Not published as a separate document; the figures used are set out in this paper |
| X01 | Kribi: le Premier ministre, chef du gouvernement est là | Cameroon Tribune | 30 Dec 2024 | cameroon-tribune.cm/article.html/68499/fr.html/details_2 |
| X04 | Industrialisation: la voie royale de l’émergence | Cameroon Tribune | 2 Jan 2025 | cameroon-tribune.cm/article.html/68558/fr.html/details_2 |
Source: Cameroon Steel; 200 sources cited.
Cite this chapter
Cameroon Steel (2026). From ore to steel: Cameroon’s missing link is ironmaking, not rolling. White paper 01, annex C: Sources. CS-WP-01. https://www.cameroon-steel.com/en/library/ore-to-steel/annex-sources/
Source