White paper 03 · Annex D

Data tables

This annex lists the values plotted in every chart of the paper, so that readers can check them, reuse them and reproduce the figures. Each table gives units, the status of the values (sourced, derived, assumed or illustrative, as defined in Annex A) and the source identifiers listed in Annex C. The same values are published as machine-readable files with the web edition of this paper. Diagrams that carry no plotted values (Figures 1.1, 2.1, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2 and 10.1) are not repeated here.

Reading: 10 min
Length: 2,284 words
Edition of: 10 October 2026

In this chapter (4)

D.1 Executive summary and Chapters 1 to 3: routes, energy and capital
D.2 Chapters 3 and 4: metallics, ore and gas
D.3 Chapters 5 to 7: melt shop, rolling and product quality
D.4 Chapter 9: the phased pathway

D.1 Executive summary and Chapters 1 to 3: routes, energy and capital

Table D.1 Data behind Figure ES.1: CO₂ intensity and indicative capex by route

Route	CO₂, t per t crude steel	Capex low, US$/t capacity	Capex high, US$/t capacity	Status
Blast furnace + basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF)	2.34	500	900	CO₂ sourced; capex derived
Gas direct reduction + EAF (DRI-EAF)	1.47	510	1,310	CO₂ sourced; capex derived
Scrap + EAF	0.69	330	560	CO₂ sourced; capex derived
World average	1.92			Sourced
Kribi pathway (RC-1): Phase 1, scope 1+2, t CO₂ per t finished product	0.32	Not shown	Not shown	Derived (estimated)
Kribi pathway (RC-1): Phase 1, with imported DRI, t CO₂ per t finished product	0.58	Not shown	Not shown	Derived (estimated)
Kribi pathway (RC-1): 1 Mtpa, 70% domestic DRI, t CO₂ per t finished product	0.83	Not shown	Not shown	Derived (estimated)

Source: worldsteel 2024 data [S01]; capex derived from IEA annualised costs, about 2019 US dollars, not escalated [S02]; method D1 in Annex A. Pathway values: Cameroon Steel reference configuration RC-1 (planning estimate) [S03], per tonne of finished product on Cameroon’s grid, a different boundary from the route averages; methods D6 and D16 (the last value, 0.83, is shown as about 0.8). No capex is given for the project.

Table D.2 Data behind Figure 1.2: iron content of iron oxides

Phase	Formula	Iron,% by mass	Status
Hematite	Fe₂O₃	69.9	Derived (stoichiometry)
Magnetite	Fe₃O₄	72.4	Derived (stoichiometry)
Wüstite	FeO	77.7	Derived (stoichiometry)
Metallic iron	Fe	100.0	Definition

Source: Cameroon Steel, from atomic masses Fe 55.845 and O 15.999.

Table D.3 Data behind Figure 1.3: steel production by process and projects under construction

Series	Process	Share,%	Status
World crude steel, 2025	Basic oxygen	69.4	Sourced
World crude steel, 2025	Electric	30.3	Sourced
World crude steel, 2025	Other	0.3	Sourced
Africa crude steel, 2025	Basic oxygen	11.0	Sourced
Africa crude steel, 2025	Electric	89.0	Sourced
Projects under construction worldwide, 2026 (count)	Electric arc	71.0	Sourced
Projects under construction worldwide, 2026 (count)	Other routes	29.0	Sourced

Source: worldsteel, World Steel in Figures 2026 [S41]; Global Energy Monitor, Pedal to the Metal 2026 [S45].

Table D.4 Data behind Figure 2.2: CO₂ and energy intensity by route

Route	CO₂, worldsteel 2024, t/t	CO₂, IEA direct + indirect, t/t	Energy, worldsteel 2024, GJ/t	Final energy, IEA, GJ/t
BF-BOF	2.34	2.2	23.88	21.4
Gas DRI-EAF	1.47	1.4	23.30	17.1
Scrap-EAF	0.69	0.3	9.84	2.1

Source: worldsteel Sustainability Indicators 2025 [S01]; IEA Iron and Steel Technology Roadmap [S02]. Status: sourced. worldsteel counts electricity as primary energy and includes upstream emissions; the IEA uses final energy and a 538 g CO₂/kWh grid.

Table D.5 Data behind Figure 2.3: capex ranges and project benchmarks, US$ per tonne of annual capacity

Route or project	Value	Basis	Status and source
Scrap-EAF (IEA-derived)	330 to 560	Range	Derived [S02]
BF-BOF (IEA-derived)	500 to 900	Range	Derived [S02]
Gas DRI-EAF (IEA-derived)	510 to 1,310	Range	Derived [S02]
CMC Arizona 2 micro-mill (US, 2020)	660	Announced budget ÷ announced capacity	Derived [S58]
Nucor Lexington rebar micro-mill (US, 2022)	900	Announced budget ÷ announced capacity	Derived [S57]
CMC Berkeley County micro-mill (US, 2022)	990	Announced budget ÷ announced capacity	Derived [S59]
New integrated BF-BOF (MPP, 2022)	1,200	Announced budget ÷ announced capacity	Derived [S56]
Tosyali DRI-EAF complex incl. rolling (Algeria, 2026)	1,560	Announced budget ÷ announced capacity	Derived [S60]

Source: As listed. Project values are nominal in the currency year of each announcement; US capacities, announced in short tons, are converted to tonnes (1 short ton = 0.9072 t; method D1). None is a Cameroon Steel estimate.

D.2 Chapters 3 and 4: metallics, ore and gas

Table D.6 Data behind Figure 3.1: Cameroon’s chapter 72 imports and billet imports, thousand tonnes

Year	Billets and semis (HS 7207), kt	All chapter 72 imports, kt	Billet share,% (derived)
2019	52.5	182.9	28.7
2020	89.9	279.0	32.2
2021	110.5	297.6	37.1
2022	151.2	283.6	53.3
2023	161.4	304.1	53.1

Source: UN Comtrade for HS 7207 [S05]; INS Cameroun for chapter 72 [S67, S70, S71]. Status: sourced; shares derived. The two sources use different reporting systems.

Table D.7 Data behind Figure 3.2: iron units by RC-1 phase and domestic scrap, thousand tonnes a year

Case	Iron units, kt	of which DRI/HBI, kt	of which scrap, kt
Phase 1 0.3 Mtpa	362.7	108.8	253.9
Phases 1+2 0.5 Mtpa	604.4	181.3	423.1
Full 1.0 Mtpa	1,209	362.7	846.2
Full, domestic DRI at 70%	1,209	846.2	362.7
Domestic scrap arising, 2006 study	53 to 61.8		Sourced [S13]
Domestic scrap collected today (order of magnitude)	125		Derived (method D5)
Domestic scrap RC-1 assumes for the plant	30 (0 to 60)		Assumed [S03]

Source: Cameroon Steel reference configuration RC-1 (planning estimate), indicative balances [S03] (metallic yield 0.88, casting and rolling yield 0.94, DRI 30% of the charge; last case 70%); scrap study [S13]; derivation inputs [S32, S33, S74]. Status: derived.

Table D.8 Data behind Figure 4.2: Mbalam products against DR-grade thresholds

Product or threshold	Iron,%	Silica + alumina,%
Mbalam DSO reserve (JORC, 2015)	62.2	7.26
Mbalam itabirite BF-grade concentrate (testwork, 2014)	66.6	3.80
Mbalam itabirite DR-grade concentrate (testwork, 2014)	68.0	2.00
worldsteel minimum iron for DR processes	64	Not stated
Typical traded DR grade	67 to 68	Low

Source: JORC reserve, 2015 [S18]; testwork, 2014 [S19]; worldsteel [S16]; IEEFA [S17]. Status: sourced.

Table D.9 Data behind Figure 4.3: indicative mass flow per tonne of DRI

Item	Value	Unit	Basis
Itabirite ore	3.2	t per t DRI	Concentrate ÷ 45% mass yield [S19]; derived
DR-grade concentrate	1.45	t per t DRI	Equal to pellets, binder ignored; derived
DR pellets	1.45	t per t DRI	Implied by BNEF figures cited by IEEFA [S17]; derived
Natural gas	10	GJ per t DRI	ENERGIRON reference [S20]
Grind size (testwork)	53	µm, P80	Testwork [S19]
Iron recovery (testwork)	81	%	Testwork [S19]
DRI metallisation	92 to 96	%	IIMA [S14]

Source: As listed. Status: derived from sourced inputs; method D12 in Annex A.

Table D.10 Data behind Figure 4.4: gas volumes and DRI gas demand, billion cubic feet a year

Item	bcf per year	% of 2025 national production
National production, 2025	75.47	100
Sold as LNG feed, 2025	71.62	95
Kribi power plant, 2025	4.92	7
Industrial buyer (KEDA), 2025	3.09	4
DRI module 0.5 Mtpa	4.57	6
DRI module 1.0 Mtpa	9.14	12

Source: SNH, Données pétrolières 2025 [S21]; DRI demand at 10 GJ per tonne [S20] and 1.094 GJ per thousand cubic feet. Status: 2025 volumes sourced; DRI demand derived (method D10).

D.3 Chapters 5 to 7: melt shop, rolling and product quality

Table D.11 Data behind Figure 5.2: tap-to-tap time balance, minutes per heat

Element	Phase 1 at 450 kWh/t (heat of about 40 t)	Phase 1 at 490 kWh/t (heat of about 40 t)	Published design (150 t, 156 MVA)
Power-on	43	47	29.3
Charging	4.0	4.0	3.0
Tapping	3.0	3.0	3.0
Tap-hole preparation	1.5	1.5	1.5
Electrodes	1.0	1.0	1.0
Furnace preparation	0.5	0.5	0.5
Unplanned delay	2.0	2.0	2.0
Net tap-to-tap	55	59	40.3
Furnace hours for about 8,000 heats	About 7,300	About 7,900
Finished products at 7,000 to 7,700 h, t	287,000 to 300,000	268,000 to 294,000

Source: Phase 1 derived from RC-1 [S03]: heats of about 40 t; about 25 MW of active power, assumed for a 30 to 33 MVA class transformer at a power factor of about 0.8; times rounded to whole minutes and furnace hours to the nearest hundred; about 8,000 heats at nameplate; finished products capped at the 300,000 t nameplate (methods D8 and D18); benchmark design [S75]. Status: derived and sourced.

Table D.12 Data behind Figure 5.3: EAF electricity by DRI share of the charge, kWh per tonne of liquid steel

DRI/HBI share	Line (450 plus DRI penalty)	Low	High
0%	450	347	500
20%	479	376	529
30%	494	390	544
50%	522	420	572
70%	552	448	602
100%	595	492	645

Source: RC-1 planning value 450 kWh/t [S03], within the IFC range of 347 to 500 [S44], read as all-scrap, plus 14.5 kWh/t per 10% DRI [S20]; at 30% DRI the result, 493.5, is the upper planning value of about 490 kWh/t; EU melt-shop range 404 to 748 kWh/t shown for reference [S42]. Status: derived (method D9).

Table D.13 Data behind Figure 6.2: heating energy for rolling, GJ per tonne

Option	Low	High	Source
Gas reheating furnace, bars and rods (EU BAT range)	0.60	1.90	S49
Gas reheating furnace, billets and beams (EU BAT range)	1.40	2.20	S49
Gas walking-beam furnace, cold charge (RC-1 planning assumption)	1.10	1.60	S03
Same furnace, hot charge at about 700 °C (saving 0.55 GJ/t)	0.55	1.05	S50; derived
Induction heating, partly hot-charged (150 to 400 kWh/t, RC-1 assumption)	0.54	1.44	S03
Rolling (deformation) energy, bars and rods	0.10	0.50	S49

Source: As listed; induction values converted at 3.6 GJ per MWh. CO₂ comparison (method D14): gas 1.3 GJ/t ≈ 0.073 t CO₂/t; induction 300 kWh/t at 226 g/kWh ≈ 0.068 t CO₂/t. Status: sourced, assumed and derived as marked.

Table D.14 Data behind Figure 7.1: ductility classes of BS 4449

Grade	Characteristic yield, MPa	Agt minimum,%	Rm/Re minimum	Rm/Re maximum
B500A	500	2.5	1.05	No limit
B500B	500	5.0	1.08	No limit
B500C	500	7.5	1.15	1.35

Source: The Concrete Centre summary of BS 4449:2005+A3:2016 [S29]. Status: sourced. Below 8 mm diameter, class A values differ.

Table D.15 Data behind Figure 7.3: first-year corrosion of carbon steel by ISO 9223 category

Category	Thickness loss, µm	Mass loss, g/m²
C1 Very low	up to 1.3	up to 10
C2 Low	1.3 to 25.0	10 to 200
C3 Medium	25.0 to 50.0	200 to 400
C4 High	50.0 to 80.0	400 to 650
C5 Very high	80.0 to 200.0	650 to 1,500
CX Extreme	200.0 to 700.0	1,500 to 5,500

Source: Šmak et al. (2021), Table 1, reproducing EN ISO 9223 [S98]. Status: sourced. Lower bounds are exclusive.

D.4 Chapter 9: the phased pathway

Table D.16 Data behind Figure 9.1: RC-1 schedule by status

Step	Start (year)	Bar end (start of year)	Status
Front-end engineering, Phase 1; utility agreements	2027	2028	target
ESIA baseline; hearings Q3 2028; certificate Q4 2028	2027	2029	target
Financing; no works before the certificate	2028	2029	target
Phase 1 works, from Q1 2029 to first heat	2029	mid-2030	target
First heat H2 2030; ramp-up through 2031	mid-2030	2032	target
Phase 2: second melt line, light and medium sections	2032	2035	indicative
Phase 3 to 1 Mtpa: melt-shop expansion, heavy sections	after 2034	open	indicative
Direct-reduction module for Cameroonian ore (later)	after 2034	open	indicative

Source: Cameroon Steel reference configuration RC-1 (planning estimate), schedule as revised 10 October 2026 [S03]. Bars run to the start of the following year; ’mid-2030’ marks the second half of 2030; Phase 2 is indicative for 2032 to 2034; Phase 3 and the DRI module, which follows later, are shown in the open band ’after 2034’.

Table D.17 Data behind Figure 9.2: electricity demand and carbon intensity by RC-1 phase

Phase	Electricity, GWh/yr (at 490 kWh/t)	Average load, MW (at 490 kWh/t)	Maximum demand, MVA	Scope 1 + 2, t CO₂/t	Incl. upstream of imported DRI, t CO₂/t
Phase 1	289.0 (301.7)	36.1 (37.7)	55	0.324	0.578
Phases 1+2	421.6 (442.9)	52.7 (55.4)	≈100 (85 to 110; interpolated, derived)	0.326	0.580
Full 1 Mtpa	753.2 (795.7)	94.1 (99.5)	160	0.328	0.582

Source: Cameroon Steel reference configuration RC-1 (planning estimate), indicative balances at 450 kWh/t in the furnace [S03]; values in brackets at the upper planning value of 490 kWh/t (method D6; intensities then rise by about 0.01 t); average load on an 8,000-hour basis; maximum demand assumed; zone 225 kV line: 100 MW initially, 330 to 400 MW later [S25, S34]; worldsteel benchmarks 0.69 and 1.47 t CO₂/t [S01]. Status: derived and assumed.

Table D.18 Data behind Table 9.2: RC-1 indicative balances in absolute values

Item	Unit	Phase 1	Phases 1 and 2	Full, 1 Mtpa
Finished products	t/yr	300,000	500,000	1,000,000
Liquid steel	t/yr	319,149	531,915	1,063,830
Iron units (metallics)	t/yr	362,669	604,449	1,208,897
DRI/HBI (30% of charge)	t/yr	108,801	181,335	362,669
Scrap	t/yr	253,868	423,114	846,228
Electricity	MWh/yr	288,957	421,596	753,191
Natural gas (reheating)	GJ/yr	0	260,000	910,000
Water make-up	m³/yr	600,000	1,000,000	2,000,000
Oxygen	million Nm³/yr	11.2	18.6	37.2
EAF slag	t/yr	44,681	74,468	148,936
EAF dust	t/yr	4,787	7,979	15,957
Mill scale	t/yr	6,000	10,000	20,000
Scope 1 CO₂	t/yr	31,915	67,777	157,434
Scope 2 CO₂	t/yr	65,304	95,281	170,221
Upstream CO₂ of imported DRI	t/yr	76,161	126,934	253,868

Source: Cameroon Steel reference configuration RC-1 (planning estimate), edition 10 October 2026 [S03]; method D6 in Annex A. Status: derived from planned capacities and the benchmark assumptions in Table A.1, with the furnace at 450 kWh/t. Values are unrounded model outputs and should be read to two significant figures.

Sources cited in this chapter

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Cite this chapter

Cameroon Steel (2026). Electric steelmaking is the right route for Central Africa. White paper 03, annex D: Data tables. CS-WP-03. https://www.cameroon-steel.com/en/library/technology-routes/annex-data/