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D.1 Executive summary and Chapter 1: steel and climate

Figure ES.1: RC-1 against worldsteel route averages

World route averages are per tonne of crude steel and are not split by scope in the figure; RC-1 values are per tonne of finished product, split by scope as in the bars.

Table D.1 Values plotted in Figure ES.1, t CO₂ per tonne

On the per-tonne-of-crude-steel basis of the benchmarks, the RC-1 totals are 0.54 (Phase 1) and 0.55 (full build-out).

Source: worldsteel Sustainability Indicators 2025 (2024 data) [S01]; Cameroon Steel reference configuration RC-1 (planning estimate), edition 10 October 2026 [S90]; WP06 model (Annex A). Blank cells: not split in the source.

Figure 1.1: carbon intensity by route

Sustainability indicators of worldsteel for 2024, covering Scopes 1, 2 and upstream emissions, per tonne of crude steel.

Table D.2 Values plotted in Figure 1.1, tonnes per tonne of crude steel (sourced)

Source: worldsteel, Sustainability Indicators 2025 report, route table added February 2026 [S01].

Figure 1.2: direct and indirect emissions by route

IEA estimates for 2019. Indirect emissions (electricity and imported intermediates) are the difference between the two published values; they are computed at a world grid factor of 538 g/kWh.

Table D.3 Values plotted in Figure 1.2, t CO₂ per tonne of crude steel (sourced)

Source: IEA, Iron and Steel Technology Roadmap (2020) [S05].

Figure 1.3: electric-arc share of output and capacity

Share of crude steel made in electric furnaces, and share of the world’s steelmaking capacity under development that is electric.

Table D.4 Values plotted in Figure 1.3,% of the total (sourced)

Source: worldsteel, World Steel in Figures 2026 [S03]; Global Energy Monitor, Pedal to the Metal 2026 [S14].

D.2 Chapter 2: accounting for carbon in steel

Figure 2.1: what each framework counts

The matrix behind the figure, simplified by Cameroon Steel. Columns: (a) furnace and ladle-furnace carbon; (b) on-site gas; (c) grid power; (d) imported iron units; (e) lime, alloys and electrodes; (f) inbound freight; (g) use and recycling.

Table D.5 Values plotted in Figure 2.1: counted (yes), partly counted (partly) or not counted (no) (sourced)

Source: GHG Protocol [S45]; Equator Principles EP4 [S22]; Regulation (EU) 2023/956, Annex II [S27]; ISO 14404 series [S41][S43]; ResponsibleSteel [S37]; IEA [S06]; ISO 14067 [S46]; EN 15804+A2 [S47]. Simplification by Cameroon Steel.

Figure 2.2: one plant, seven numbers

The same RC-1 Phase 1 tonne at nameplate output (0.3 Mtpa) under seven reporting perimeters.

Table D.6 Values plotted in Figure 2.2, t CO₂ per tonne

Source: WP06 model on the Cameroon Steel reference configuration RC-1 (planning estimate) [S90]; grid factors from Ember via Our World in Data [S48] and ARSEL [S50]; CBAM perimeter from Regulation (EU) 2023/956 [S27].

D.3 Chapter 3: the grid factor

Figure 3.1: Cameroon’s generation mix and grid intensity

Left panel: generation by source in 2024 (Ember) and 2025 (ARSEL). Right panel: average grid intensity, 2010 to 2024, and the derived 2025 cross-check (Annex A).

Table D.7 Values plotted in Figure 3.1 (left): generation by source (sourced)

Table D.8 Values plotted in Figure 3.1 (right): average grid intensity, g CO₂e/kWh (sourced)

2025 cross-check (derived; an estimate): 74 g/kWh counting combustion only and 96 g/kWh adding life-cycle emissions of renewables, using the fossil emission rate implied by the 2024 data (771 g/kWh of fossil generation).

Source: Ember via Our World in Data, carbon intensity and generation by source [S48][S49]; ARSEL, Rapport d’activités 2025 [S50]; life-cycle factors for hydro (24 g), solar (48 g) and bioenergy (230 g) from IPCC AR5 Annex III [S58]. 2025 cross-check derived by Cameroon Steel (Annex A).

Figure 3.2: grid intensities compared

Average carbon intensity of electricity generation in 2024, in ascending order.

Table D.9 Values plotted in Figure 3.2, g CO₂e/kWh, 2024 (sourced)

Source: Ember via Our World in Data, carbon intensity of electricity generation, accessed 10 October 2026 [S48].

Figure 3.3: RC-1 Phase 1 intensity against the grid factor

Values of the two lines every 50 g/kWh, and at the four marked points. The intensity is linear in the grid factor; the line including upstream iron units crosses the worldsteel scrap-EAF average (0.69) at about 343 g/kWh.

Table D.10 Values plotted in Figure 3.3, t CO₂ per tonne of product (derived)

Table D.11 Marked points in Figure 3.3 (derived)

Source: WP06 model on the Cameroon Steel reference configuration RC-1 (planning estimate) [S90]; grid factors from Ember via Our World in Data [S48]; worldsteel route averages [S01].

D.4 Chapter 4: an illustrative footprint

Figure 4.1: process chain and emission points

Figure 4.1 is a diagram. The table lists its elements, the emission point each carries and the RC-1 planning values shown on it.

Table D.12 Elements of Figure 4.1 (illustrative)

Source: Cameroon Steel reference configuration RC-1 (planning estimate) [S90]. Simplified diagram.

Figure 4.2: annual footprint by phase

Annual emissions at nameplate output, in thousand tonnes of CO₂ (kt). The Equator Principles threshold drawn on the figure is 100 kt of Scopes 1 and 2 a year.

Table D.13 Values plotted in Figure 4.2, kt CO₂ per year (derived)

Source: WP06 model on the Cameroon Steel reference configuration RC-1 (planning estimate) [S90]; Equator Principles EP4 [S22].

Figure 4.3: a tonne of Phase 1 product, by source

Components of the RC-1 Phase 1 intensity per tonne of reinforcing bar and wire rod.

Table D.14 Values plotted in Figure 4.3, t CO₂ per tonne of finished product (derived)

Source: WP06 model on the Cameroon Steel reference configuration RC-1 (planning estimate) [S90] (Annex A).

Figure 4.4: one-at-a-time sensitivity

Change in the RC-1 Phase 1 intensity when each parameter is set to the low and high ends of its range, all others central. Base: 0.578 t CO₂/t including upstream iron units; 0.324 t CO₂/t for Scopes 1 and 2. The DRI-share case includes the furnace electricity penalty for DRI. The figure plots the total; the Scopes 1 and 2 columns are added for reference.

Table D.15 Values plotted in Figure 4.4, change in t CO₂ per tonne of product (derived)

Source: WP06 model on the Cameroon Steel reference configuration RC-1 (planning estimate) [S90]; DRI power penalty of about 14.5 kWh/t per 10 points of DRI in the charge from the EC Innovation Centre for Industrial Transformation [S15].

Figure 4.5: DRI share and upstream intensity

RC-1 Phase 1 intensity including upstream iron units, t CO₂ per tonne of product, grid at 226 g/kWh. Columns: imported DRI/HBI share of the metallic charge (balance scrap). Rows: upstream intensity of the DRI/HBI, t CO₂ per tonne. The RC-1 base is the cell at 30% and 0.7 t/t.

Table D.16 Values plotted in Figure 4.5, t CO₂ per tonne of product (derived)

Source: WP06 model on the Cameroon Steel reference configuration RC-1 (planning estimate) [S90]; DRI power penalty from [S15]; hydrogen-based iron range discussed in Chapter 6.

D.5 Chapter 5: carbon border measures

Figure 5.1: CBAM phase-in

The CBAM factor is the share of the benchmark still covered by free allocation in the adjustment; the remainder is charged at the border.

Table D.17 Values plotted in Figure 5.1,% of the CBAM benchmark (sourced)

Source: Directive (EU) 2023/959 amending the EU ETS Directive, free-allocation phase-out schedule [S28]; CBAM implementing rules [S31].

Figure 5.2: gross CBAM charge on the CBAM basis

Gross charge per tonne at a CBAM certificate price of €82.32/t CO₂, before the free-allocation adjustment and before any carbon price paid at origin, on the CBAM basis for steel (direct and precursor emissions, purchased electricity not counted). Ore-based routes are ranges: low end, IEA direct-emission estimate; high end, worldsteel 2024 all-scope average.

Table D.18 Values plotted in Figure 5.2 (illustrative)

Source: European Commission, price of CBAM certificates [S26]; Regulation (EU) 2023/956, Annex II [S27]; IEA [S05]; worldsteel [S01]; WP06 model on the Cameroon Steel reference configuration RC-1 (planning estimate) [S90].

Figure 5.3: net CBAM charge over time

Net charge per tonne at a constant €82.32/t CO₂ on the CBAM basis, after deducting the benchmark multiplied by the CBAM factor of each year. Benchmarks applied (t CO₂/t, as reported for hot-rolled coil and used as a proxy for long products): BF-BOF 1.370, DRI-EAF 0.481, scrap-EAF 0.072; RC-1 and the all-scrap furnace are assessed against the scrap-EAF benchmark. Ore-based routes are shown as ranges (low to high).

Table D.19 Values plotted in Figure 5.3, € per tonne (illustrative)

Source: as Figure 5.2; benchmarks as reported for hot-rolled coil, used as a proxy for long products [S31][S104]; CBAM factor [S28].

D.6 Chapter 6: green iron

Figure 6.1: ore-based route intensities

Published and derived intensities of ore-based steelmaking routes, t CO₂ (or CO₂e) per tonne of steel. Energiron values are derived by applying the stated percentages to the worldsteel blast-furnace average of 2.34.

Table D.20 Values plotted in Figure 6.1, t CO₂ per tonne

The IEA near-zero threshold drawn on the figure is 0.40 t CO₂e per tonne of crude steel at 0% scrap [S06].

Source: worldsteel [S01]; EC Innovation Centre for Industrial Transformation, Energiron and POWER4STEEL pages [S15][S18]; IEA near-zero threshold [S06]; WP06 model [S90]. Energiron values derived by applying the stated percentages to the worldsteel blast-furnace average.

Figure 6.2: direct-reduced iron output, 2025

Output in million tonnes (Mt); world total 151.0 Mt.

Table D.21 Values plotted in Figure 6.2, Mt of DRI, 2025 (sourced)

Source: Midrex Technologies, 2025 World Direct Reduction Statistics [S13]; East African estimate from worldsteel, World Steel in Figures 2026 [S03].

Figure 6.3: electricity for hydrogen-based direct reduction

Annual electricity, TWh. Hydrogen requirement 54 kg H2 per tonne of DRI; electrolysis 45 to 52 MWh per tonne of H2.

Table D.22 Values plotted in Figure 6.3, TWh per year

Source: hydrogen requirement [S17]; electrolyser efficiency [S05]; Nachtigal output [S52]; national generation [S50]; hydro potential [S53]. Derived by Cameroon Steel (Annex A).

Figure 6.4: a stepwise route to green iron

Figure 6.4 is a diagram. Each step is optional and gated; none is a commitment of this paper.

Table D.23 Elements of Figure 6.4 (illustrative)

Source: Cameroon Steel reference configuration RC-1 (planning estimate), reserve module [S90]; analysis in this chapter.

D.7 Chapter 7: climate risk and adaptation

Figure 7.1: monthly rainfall at Kribi

Mean monthly rainfall at Kribi station, 1937 to 1976, in millimetres; annual mean about 2,836 mm.

Table D.24 Values plotted in Figure 7.1, mm per month (sourced)

Table D.25 Values plotted in Figure 7.1 (continued), mm per month (sourced)

Source: Olivry, Monographie du Nyong et des fleuves côtiers, ORSTOM (1979), homogenised Kribi station record, 1937 to 1976 [S60].

Figure 7.2: one-day rainfall by return period

Station fit from the historical record (sourced), and the same values raised by about 7% per degree of global warming (illustrative uplift).

Table D.26 Values plotted in Figure 7.2, mm in 24 hours (illustrative)

Source: Kribi station Pearson III fit [S60]; IPCC AR6 WGI, scaling of extreme daily precipitation with warming [S59]. Uplift applied by Cameroon Steel.

Figure 7.3: sea level and shoreline change

Left panel: likely range of global mean sea-level rise by 2100 relative to 1995 to 2014 (IPCC AR6). Right panel: mean rate of shoreline change on the Kribi coast; positive values are accretion, negative values retreat.

Table D.27 Values plotted in Figure 7.3 (left), metres by 2100 (sourced)

The figure also marks the low-likelihood, high-impact outcome of up to about 2 m by 2100 [S59].

Table D.28 Values plotted in Figure 7.3 (right), metres per year (sourced)

Source: IPCC AR6 WGI Summary for Policymakers [S59]; Fendoung, Tchindjang and Hubert-Ferrari (2022) [S62].

D.8 Chapter 8: circularity

Figure 8.1: intensity against the scrap share

RC-1 Phase 1 intensity including upstream iron units, t CO₂ per tonne of product, grid at 226 g/kWh, with the furnace electricity penalty for DRI. The balance of the charge is imported iron units at the stated upstream intensity. Each additional 10 points of scrap changes the intensity by −0.088 t CO₂/t with gas-based DRI.

Table D.29 Values plotted in Figure 8.1, t CO₂ per tonne of product (derived)

Source: WP06 model on the Cameroon Steel reference configuration RC-1 (planning estimate) [S90]; DRI power penalty [S15].

Figure 8.2: scrap need against domestic arising

RC-1 annual scrap need at nameplate output (derived) against the only published estimate of domestic scrap arising (2006 data) and the RC-1 planning assumption for domestic supply (range 0 to 60 kt).

Table D.30 Values plotted in Figure 8.2, kt per year

Source: WP06 model on the Cameroon Steel reference configuration RC-1 (planning estimate) [S90]; Bidoung et al. (2007), 2006 data [S88].

Figure 8.3: residues and zinc

Annual residues at nameplate output and the zinc contained in the furnace dust at 20% to 30% zinc, in thousand tonnes (kt).

Table D.31 Values plotted in Figure 8.3, kt per year (derived)

Source: Cameroon Steel reference configuration RC-1 (planning estimate): slag 140 kg/t, dust 15 kg/t, mill scale 20 kg/t [S90]; IFC benchmark for solid residue [S20]; zinc content range [S69]. Derived by Cameroon Steel.

D.9 Chapter 9: finance and standards

Figure 9.1: Scopes 1 and 2 against lender thresholds

Scopes 1 and 2 at nameplate output, kt CO₂ per year, at the 2024 grid factor and at the ends of the whisker range. Thresholds: IFC Performance Standard 3, 25 kt; Equator Principles EP4, 100 kt. The minor fuels (diesel, LPG) and switchgear SF6, drawn as a pale segment, are not in the RC-1 balances; their values are assumed (Annex A).

Table D.32 Values plotted in Figure 9.1, kt CO₂ per year, Scopes 1+2 (derived)

Source: WP06 model on the Cameroon Steel reference configuration RC-1 (planning estimate) [S90]; IFC Performance Standard 3 [S21]; Equator Principles EP4 [S22].

Figure 9.2: sliding-scale thresholds

Thresholds in t CO₂e per tonne of crude steel as functions of the scrap share of the metallic input, computed with the formulas used to draw the figure: IEA near-zero threshold 0.40 minus 0.35 times the scrap share; ResponsibleSteel Progress Level 1 interpolated linearly between 2.34 at 20% scrap and 0.96 at 80% scrap (not defined outside that interval).

Table D.33 Threshold lines plotted in Figure 9.2, t CO₂e per tonne of crude steel (sourced)

RC-1 Phase 1 position (derived): 0.54 t CO₂ per tonne of crude steel at about 70% scrap, against 1.19 for Progress Level 1 and 0.16 for the near-zero threshold at the same scrap share.

Source: IEA (2022) [S06]; ResponsibleSteel, Decarbonisation Progress Levels (2024) [S37]; WP06 model on the Cameroon Steel reference configuration RC-1 (planning estimate) [S90].

D.10 Chapter 10: pathway and recommendations

Figure 10.1: illustrative decarbonisation pathway

RC-1 at 1 Mtpa, levers applied cumulatively, t CO₂ per tonne of product including upstream iron units. The IEA near-zero threshold at 75% scrap, converted to a per-tonne-of-product basis, is 0.15.

Table D.34 Values plotted in Figure 10.1, t CO₂ per tonne of product (illustrative)

Source: WP06 model on the Cameroon Steel reference configuration RC-1 (planning estimate) [S90]; DRI power penalty [S15]; hydrogen-based iron intensity derived from [S15]; IEA near-zero threshold [S06].

Figure 10.2: an indicative trajectory

Years are indicative and are not commitments. The figure also draws the worldsteel scrap-EAF world average of 0.69 t CO₂ per tonne of crude steel.

Table D.35 Values plotted in Figure 10.2, t CO₂ per tonne of product (illustrative)

Source: WP06 model on the Cameroon Steel reference configuration RC-1 (planning estimate) [S90]; phasing from the RC-1 indicative schedule [S90]; worldsteel scrap-EAF average [S01].