钢铁龙头企业使克里比工业区成为自我供给的产业集群

7.1 Why clusters matter more in Central Africa

Industrial clusters reduce costs in three ways: tenants share infrastructure that none could justify alone; the by-products of one become the inputs of another; and suppliers locate nearby because there is enough demand to sustain them. These effects are strongest where the alternative is long and expensive. In Central Africa, a maintenance contractor, a gas supplier or a slag processor that is not on site may be a day’s drive or a sea voyage away. A steel plant that must import every service carries the cost of spares inventories, idle time and expatriate specialists. A cluster that can support local suppliers lowers those costs for every tenant.

Figure 7.1 maps the main flows around an arc-furnace works in an industrial-port zone. None of them is speculative: each corresponds to a service that existing steel plants buy or a by-product that they sell. What varies is whether the counterpart is in the same zone.

Source: Cameroon Steel analysis; quantities in the text.

7.2 What Kribi’s first tenants show

The zone already has a cluster logic, built around raw materials that arrive or leave by sea. By May 2025, 53 companies had been authorised to settle in the industrial-port zone and industrial operators had invested about 400 bn FCFA there since 2018, in cocoa processing, cement, flour milling and logistics [S20]. By March 2026 about 300 ha were operational with more than 60 companies installed or installing [S03]. A cement plant and a flour mill are among the first tenants [S35][S20]; a bitumen plant with a small refinery has been allocated about 60 ha and received a refining licence in April 2026 [S36]; and an agro-industrial terminal for grain and oils was agreed in October 2026 [S19].

The common thread is that each of these businesses moves heavy, low-value material across the quay and adds value close to it. Steel fits that pattern better than almost any other industry: it imports iron units and consumables in bulk, exports heavy products, and creates by-products that its neighbours can use. It also brings something the existing tenants do not: a large, continuous demand for power, gases and technical services that justifies investment in them for the whole zone.

7.3 Slag: from waste to road stone and cement raw material

Electric arc furnaces produce about 110 to 180 kg of solid waste, mostly slag, per tonne of liquid steel [S75]. At 1 Mtpa, one works would produce about 149,000 t a year, and with mill scale and furnace dust its by-products would total about 185,000 t a year (Figure 7.2) [S112]. IFC’s guidelines for the sector note that steel slag can be sold for civil engineering, road construction and cement manufacture [S75]. In Europe, where steel slag markets are mature, about 72% of the 16.3 Mt of steelworks slag produced in 2018 was reported as recovered, with the balance stored or landfilled [S155].

Source: IFC solid-waste benchmark [S75]; dust planning range [S76][S112]; Cameroon Steel indicative balance [S112]; INS foreign-trade notes for 2019, 2023, 2024 and 2025 (provisional) [S93].

At Kribi, slag has two natural outlets. The first is construction aggregate. After crushing, screening and weathering to stabilise its volume, EAF slag makes a hard, skid-resistant aggregate for road bases and asphalt. The zone’s own internal roads, the reconstruction of the 110 km Édéa-Kribi road and the platforms of new tenants will need large quantities of aggregate over the next decade [S27][S18]. A slag-processing yard in the zone, producing certified aggregate, would turn a disposal cost into revenue and reduce quarrying.

The second outlet is cement. Cement plants can use steel slag as an iron-bearing component of their raw meal and, in some formulations, as a mineral addition. Granulated blast-furnace slag, the main cement substitute in Europe and Asia, comes from blast furnaces, which the Kribi platform is not expected to have; EAF slag’s role in cement is narrower. Even so, the proximity matters because Kribi has an unusually large cement presence for its size. The CIMPOR cement plant in the zone, with a capacity of 1 Mt a year, was inaugurated by the Prime Minister on 19 July 2024 as the first plant of the industrial-port zone [S35], and the Atlantic Group signed an amended investment agreement on 19 February 2026 for a second cement plant of 1 Mt a year at Kribi [S37].

Cameroon’s cement industry depends heavily on imported clinker, the intermediate product that is ground with gypsum and additions to make cement. Clinker imports rose to about 3.1 Mt in 2025, up about 20% on 2024 (Figure 7.2) [S93], and Nigerian producers alone exported about 1 Mt of clinker to Cameroon and Ghana in 2025 [S105]. Every tonne of mineral addition that replaces clinker in the cement mix reduces imports and the carbon footprint of cement. Steel slag will not solve the clinker deficit, but a cluster in which cement plants and steel plants share raw-material handling, testing laboratories and, potentially, a slag-processing yard is more efficient than two industries working apart.

7.4 Scrap: a supply chain to build

Scrap is the cheapest iron unit for an arc furnace and the one in shortest supply in Central Africa. Cameroon’s existing steel mills already import about 60% of their metallic needs as billets, and local scrap was reported in September 2026 to cover only about 40% of the sector’s needs [S98]. The only national estimate of scrap arising, 53,000 to 62,000 t a year in 2006, is small against these needs [S168]. Recorded exports of ferrous scrap from Cameroon have fallen to almost nothing since 2019, which suggests that most collected scrap is now used at home [S94].

A Kribi cluster can enlarge the scrap supply in two ways. Locally, the port, the industrial zone, the construction sites of a fast-growing coastal region and the end-of-life vehicles and equipment of the South Region generate scrap that is not collected systematically today. A licensed scrap-processing yard in the zone, with shears, balers and radiation and contamination screening, would raise its quality and value. Regionally, coastal shipping can bring scrap from neighbouring ports to Kribi’s deep-water quay in bulk. Both create jobs in collection, sorting and transport, much of it in small enterprises.

7.5 Industrial gases, electrodes, refractories and maintenance

An arc furnace uses oxygen to accelerate melting and refine the steel, typically about 25 to 45 Nm³ per tonne of liquid steel [S112]. At 1 Mtpa, one works would need about 37 million Nm³ a year [S112]. At this scale gas companies normally build an air-separation unit beside the anchor customer, under a long-term supply contract, and sell surplus nitrogen, argon and oxygen to other users: fabricators, hospitals, food processors and laboratories. An anchor steel tenant is therefore how a zone acquires an industrial-gas supply.

Graphite electrodes are consumed at about 2 to 6 kg per tonne of steel in European arc furnaces [S76], refractories line every furnace and ladle, and rolling mills consume rolls, guides and lubricants. These are imported products, but their storage, handling, refurbishment and the skilled maintenance around them are local services. A cluster of two or three melt shops and several mills would sustain on-site workshops for machining, roll grinding, electrical repair and refractory installation, and a testing laboratory accredited to Cameroonian and international product standards.

7.6 Downstream fabrication: what the region still imports

The clearest test of downstream potential is what the region imports in finished form. UN Comtrade data for Cameroon show substantial imports in 2023 of steel products that are made from bars, rods and sections, or that a coastal steel cluster could make (Table 7.1).

Table 7.1 sourcedSelected Cameroonian imports of steel products and the cluster activities that could supply them, 2023

Source: UN Comtrade public API, Cameroon as reporter, 2023 (latest year reported) [S94]. Values as declared; tonnages where reported.

The largest line is billets, which the existing re-rollers import for about 60% of their charge [S98]: a melt shop at Kribi can sell merchant billets to them as well as rolling its own wire rod and rebar, which is how its tonnage displaces imports rather than adding to a rebar market that is already saturated (White paper 04, Chapter 9). Beyond billets, two activities stand out. Rebar processing (cut-and-bend services, welded mesh, prefabricated cages) moves value from construction sites into factories, improves quality and reduces waste; it is a natural neighbour of a rebar and wire-rod mill. Structural fabrication of steel frames, warehouses, transmission towers and bridges uses sections and plate, and Cameroon imported about US$58 million of fabricated structures in 2023 [S94]. Both are labour-intensive and suited to Cameroonian small and medium enterprises if they can buy steel locally and on credit.

7.7 Jobs and skills

Steel’s employment case rests on its linkages more than on its direct jobs. A global study for the world steel association estimated that every two jobs in the steel industry support about thirteen in its supply chain [S107]. Such multipliers are upper bounds for Cameroon, where supply chains are thinner, but they show where the jobs are: in transport, maintenance, scrap collection, construction and services. For one tenant, Cameroon Steel’s indicative planning figures show about 500 direct jobs (450 to 550) and about 1,000 indirect jobs (800 to 1,500) in a first phase, and about 1,100 direct jobs (900 to 1,300) at full capacity [S112]. KPIZ’s target of up to 150,000 direct and indirect jobs across the whole zone over fifteen years assumes many such anchors [S03].

The constraint is skills. Cameroon has engineering schools and technical institutes, but few if any dedicated programmes in ferrous metallurgy; the national polytechnic school in Yaoundé, for example, lists no metallurgy department [S156]. A cluster creates the scale at which a shared training centre with the region’s universities and equipment suppliers becomes viable. The 2025 investment ordinance requires investors to present a programme of local skills development, technology transfer and local hiring [S23]; a cluster can meet that requirement more effectively together than tenant by tenant.

Table 7.2 derivedCluster services for a Kribi steel platform: who provides them and what the zone should do

Source: quantities from Cameroon Steel indicative planning figures [S112]; zone actions are Cameroon Steel recommendations.

7.8 Designing for exchange

Clusters do not arise from proximity alone. The zone can make them more likely by four choices made early:

• Adjacency in the master plan. Put the steel cluster next to the bulk berth and the high-voltage substation, the slag yard and gas plant next to the steel cluster, cement within conveyor distance of the slag yard, and fabrication near the zone gate and the road to Douala.
• Corridors for pipes and conveyors. Reserve rights of way between plots for oxygen pipelines, slag conveyors and power cables before plots are allocated.
• A by-product exchange register. Publish, with tenants’ consent, the by-products each produces and the inputs each needs, as zones in Asia and Europe do, so that exchanges are found early.
• Shared services under one contract. Let KPIZ tender laboratories, training, fire response and hazardous-waste management once for the whole zone rather than tenant by tenant.